Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Harari Language. [Editor's note: This appendix is only partially available. The original contains a large number of Arabic characters that I cannot reproduce. Omissions are noted by .] Grammatical Outline. Preliminary Remarks. The caution necessary for the stranger who would avoid exciting the suspicions of an African despot and Moslem bigots prevented my making any progress, during my short residence at the capital, in the Harari language. But once more safe among the Girhi Mountains, circumspection was no longer necessary. The literati who assisted in my studies were a banished citizen of Harar; Sa'id Wal, an old Bedawi; and Ali Sha'ir, "the Poet," a Girhi Somal celebrated for his wit, his poetry, and his eloquence. I found the last most useful, and his linguistic sagacity enabled me to perform a feat of no ordinary difficulty, that of drawing out a grammatical sketch of the language. But time pressed, and few days remained for work. Our hours were spent in unremitting toil: we began at sunrise, the hut was ever crowded with Badawi critics, and it was late at night before the manuscript was laid by. On the evening of the third day, my three literati started upon their feet, shook my hand, declaring that I knew as much as they themselves did. Returning to Aden, I was fortunate enough to find there a friend, Lieutenant Dansey, 1st Bombay European regiment, who, seeing me embarrassed by preparations for an expedition, kindly volunteered to write out, and, with the assistance of one Farih Dibani, a Somali of the Habr Jul Jailah clan, to revise my notes. He spent much time and more trouble over his self-imposed task, and the attention which he bestowed upon each word may be considered a guarantee of accuracy. (375) "Whether the scholars of the Hebrew, Ethiopic, and Arabic," I may remark in the words of M. Kraph ("Outline of the Kisuaheli Language," p. 6), "will derive any important aid from the knowledge of this tongue, is a question which I must answer in the negative; though it cannot be uninteresting to the Arabic scholar to observe the manner in which the Arabic has been amalgamated with the African language." * * * * * 1. The people of Harar ignore the origin of their language. It probably dates from our mediæval time, when the Hadiyah Empire flourished upon the ruins of the Christian states. In the present day it is absolutely confined within the walls of the city, which is surrounded on all sided by Gallas. Through the medium of Harari the Arabic language and the religious sciences are explained to the inhabitants: almost all the women and not a few of the citizens can speak no other tongue. The numerous Somal who visit and temporarily settle at Harar usually learn some sentences. But few penetrate deep into the language: at this moment, in Aden, amongst about 2000, one only is found capable of revising the vocabulary. 2. The Harari appears, like the Galla, the Dankali, and the Somali, its sisters, to be a Semitic graft inserted into an indigenous stock. (376) The pronouns, for instance, and many of the numerals are clearly Arabic, whilst the forms of the verb are African, and not unlike the vulgar tongues of modern India. Again, many of the popular expressions, without which conversation could not be carried on (e.g. Labbay, "here I am," in answer to a call), are pure Arabic. We are justified then in determining this dialect to be, like the Galla, the Dankali, and the Somali, a semi-Semite. (377) 3. The Harari is not a written language, and the Arabic character imperfectly expresses its sound. It excites our wonder to see tongues so elaborate, with rules of eloquence and a poetry cultivated after the canons of rhythm and rhyme, destitute of an alphabet. (378) In Sind and India, on the contrary, every local variety of dialect has its own syllabarium modified from the Arabic or the Sanscrit. To account for the phenomenon, we must take refuge in some psychical cause hitherto unexplained. The Harari, when writing their songs and translations, use the Koranic character. 4. The pronunciation of the Harari dialect, (379) unlike the soft Galla and Somali, is harsh and guttural; a fact which causes astonishment, as it is spoken in a warm climate and within walls, where men generally soften sound. The Arabic letter khá () is its characteristic. * * * * * The letters which require comment in this sketch are-- 1. The Arabic hamzah or broken a' (); e.g. ma'altu, day, bá'u, a merchant. (380) 2. A peculiar sound resembling chya () in Sanscrit; e.g. koch () a eunuch. In pronunciation it is sometimes confounded with sh; e.g. abosh or aboch, a man. 3. The Arabic há (); as in gih (), a live coal; zikeh, gold. 4. The Arabic káf (); as in kaytal (), a ship: this sound is also common in Somali. 5. The Sanscrit l (l); as in hillu (), truly. 6. The Sanscrit nasal n (); as in the pronoun Inyash (), we. 7. The Cerebral t (4); as in the word át (), a bone. Like the Somali, the Harari tongue is remarkable for the hardness and the distinctness with which the consonants, those great discriminators of language, are articulated. To investigate this phenomenon, which has the peculiarity of varying according to the position of the letter, would lead me into a digression for which I have neither time nor space. Whenever a consonant is to be emphasized, it is denoted in the following pages by reduplication. The system of orthography is the modified form of Sir W. Jones's alphabet: accents, however, have been used to denote the long vowels. 1. a is pronounced as in the English "hat." 2. á, as in "father." 3. ay, as in "hay." 4. áy, as in the Spanish "ay." 5. i, as in the English "if." 6. í, as ee in the English ''sheer. (381)'' Of the Article. 5. The definite is like the indefinite article, inherent in the noun. e.g. A horse and an ass; fares w wajayr. The son of the king; nagárshí lijjay. The following examples will show the peculiarity of this part of speech:-- A plate and the knife; Sehan wá masháh. The town of Aden; Aden bád. He went to the king; Nagárshí de hárá. The child and the father; Lijjay wá au-zo (literally, his father). Of the Noun. 6. The noun has two genders, Masculine and Feminine. Masculine nouns may be converted into feminines by three processes. The first changes the terminal vowel into -it, or adds -it to the terminal consonant. e.g. rágá, an old man; rágít, an old woman. bushshí, a dog; bushshít, a bitch. wasíf, a slave boy; wasífít, a slave girl. Animals of different sexes have different names. and this forms the second process. e.g bárá, an ox; lám, a cow. The third and the most common way of expressing sex is by means of abosh (), "male or man," and inistí (corrupted from the Arabic ), woman, " female. They correspond with our " he-" and " she-." e.g. faras, a stallion; inisti faras, a mare. abosh baghl, a he mule; inisti baghl, a she mule. 7. The noun has two numbers, Singular and Plural. The affix -ásh changes singulars into plurals. e.g. abosh, a man; aboshásh, men. wandag, a servant; wandagásh, servants. gár, a house; gárásh, houses. Nouns ending in the long á become plural without reduplicating this letter. e.g. gáfá, a slave; gáfásh (for gáfáásh), slaves. gubná, a harlot; gubnásh, harlots. When the singular terminates in the sound -ay, so common in the Somali and Harari dialects, the plural is formed by affixing -ásh to the consonant preceding that diphthong. e.g. lijjay, a son; lijjásh (for lijjiásh), sons. The same is the case with nouns terminating in í. e.g. kabri, a grave; kabrásh (for kabriásh), graves. When the singular ends in the soft sibilant, it is usually changed into z. e.g. fares, a horse; farazásh, horses. irás, a cloth; irázásh, cloths. 8. The noun in Harari, as in the Somali language, has no cases: the following is the way in which casal relations are expressed:-- Nom. and Acc., amír, a chief. Dative, amír lay, to a chief. Vocative, amir-o! O chief. (382) Ablative, amír bay, or be, from a chief. The Genitive case, as in the Somali, is expressed by simply prefixing the name of the person to the thing possessed. e.g. The Amir's son, Amir lijjay (literally, Amir-son). The Sultan's house, Sultán gár. The gardens of Harar, Gay Harshásh. To obviate the unintelligibility often arising from this formation, or rather absence of formation, the word zo or so (his) is sometimes added to the name of the thing possessed. e.g. Ahmad's turban, Ahmad imamah-zo (literally, Ahmad his turban). The Kazi's brother, Kází íh-zo. Of the Adjective. 9. The adjective, like the noun, has no cases properly so called. In some instances they precede their nouns. e.g. Táy barti, a black staff. Gidor abbá, a tall man. At other times they follow their substantives. e.g. Shundud zikch, a golden necklace. Majlis gidir, a large assembly. Adjectives, like nouns, alter their terminations in the feminine form. e.g. Uzn zalayla, a deaf man; in the feminine, Uzn zalaylit. Kibrí zálá, a proud man; in the feminine, Kibrí zálí. As in the Somali tongue, degrees of comparison are expressed by phrases, not by any change of the adjective. e.g. Comparative. (This is greater than that. (Yá be yí igadrí hal (lit. that than this great is). Superlative. (This is the greatest. (Yí jammí be igadrí hal (lit. this all than great is). Of Numerals. 10. The following are the cardinal numbers:-- 1. Ahad (). 2. Kot. 3. Shíshtí. 4. Harad (). 5. Hamistí (). 6. Saddistí. 7. Sátí. 8. Sot or Sút. 9. Sehtan (Zehtayn). 10. Assir. 11. Ahad assir. 12. Kot wá assir. 20. Koyah. 30. Sáseh. 40. Arbaín (?). 50. Hamistí assir. 60. Siddistí assir. 70. Sát assir. 80. Sút assir. 90. Zehtaná or Sehtaná. 100. Baklá or Boghol (, the Somali word). 1000. Kum (Somali) or Alfí (Arabic). 11. The ordinals are formed by affixing -khá to the numerals. e.g. Ahad-khá, first. Harad-khá, fourth. Kot-khá, second. Hamistí-khá, fifth. Shíshtí-khá, third. 12. The fractional numbers are: 1/4 Ruba (Arab. ). 3/4 Shíshtíruba. 1/2 Nus (Ar. ) or Keni. 1/3 Shíshtísam. Of Pronouns. 13. The system of pronouns in Harari, as in the Somali language, is artful and somewhat complicated. Like the Arabic it may be divided into separate and affixed. The separate or personal pronouns which have neither gender nor case are:-- Singular. Plural. 1st Pers. Án (). Innásh or Inyásh. 2nd Pers. Akhákh (). Akhákhásh () 3rd Pers. Huwa (). (383) Hiyyásh. 14. The affixed pronouns or possessives attached to nouns are:-- Singular. 1st Pers. - e, my or mine. e.g. Gár-e, my house. 2nd Pers. - khá, thy or thine. Gár-khá, thy house. 3rd Pers. - zo, or - so, his. Gár-zo, his house. Plural. 1st Pers. - zinya or sinya, our. e.g. Gár-zinya, our house. 2nd Pers. - kho, your. Gár-kho, your house. 3rd Pers. - zinyo or sinyo, their. Gár-zinyo, their house. (384) In the same way attached pronouns are affixed to verbs:-- e.g. Sit-ayn, give (thou to) me. Sit-ana, give (thou to) us. 15. The demonstrative pronouns are : Sing. Yí, this. Yá, that. Plur. Yíásh, or yí'ach, these. Yá'ásh, or yá'ách, those. The interrogative pronouns are the following:-- Mántá (), who? Mintá (), what? 17. The reciprocal pronoun is expressed in Harari, as in Somali, by naf. Another common word is atte, e.g. Án atte hárkho, I myself went, Akhákh attekh hárkhí, thou thyself wentest, Huwa attezo háre, he himself went. The Arabic word Ruh ( life or soul) is also used for "self " in such phrases as this:-- Mahatkho ruin-e, I smote myself. Of Verbs. 18. The Harari verb, like the Somali, has only two tenses, a Past and a Present. The Future of the Indicative, as well as the Conditional and the Optative tenses, is formed by adding significant particles and the use of the substantive verb. The root is the 2nd person of the Imperative, and a Prohibitive is obtained by prefixing at (), or by affixing mekh. In the negative forms, the Harari is more artfully constructed than the Somali verb. 19. The following are the two auxiliary verbs. Past Tense. (Affirmative Form.) Singular. 1. I was, Án narkho (). 2. Thou wast, Akhákh nárkhí. 3. He was, Huwa nárá. Plural. 1. We were, Inyásh nárná. 2. Ye were, Akhákhásh narkhú (). 3. They were, Hiyyásh nárú. (Negative Form.) Sing. 1. I was not, Án alnárkhúm (). 2. Thou wast not, Akhákh alnárkhím. 3. He was not, Huwa alnárum. Plur. 1. We were not, Inyásh alnárum. 2. Ye were not, Akhákhásh alnárkhúm. 3. They were not, Hiyyásh alnárúm. Present Tense. (Affirmative Form.) Singular. Plural. 1. I am, Án halko. 1. We are, Inyásh halna (). 2. Thou art. Akhákh halkhí. 2. Ye are, Akhákhásh halkhú. 3. He is, Huwa hal (). 3. They are, Hiyyásh halú . (Negative Form.) 1. I am not, Án elkhúm. 1. Inyásh elnám. 2. Thou art not, Akhákh elkhím. 2. Akhákhásh elkhúm. 3. He is not, Huwa elúm. 3. Hiyyásh elúm. Imperative. Singular. Plural. 2. Be thou, Hal (). 2. Be ye, Halkhú (). The second auxiliary has the sense of to become, and corresponds with "jirrah" of the Somal, who express "I am" by wá jogá, literally, "I stand." Past Tense. Sing. 1. I became, Án ikaní () náarkho. 2. Thou becamest, Akhákh tikání nárkhí. 3. He became, Huwa ikáni nárá. Plur. 1. We became, Innásh nikání nárná. 2. Ye became, Akhákhásh tikání nárkhú. 3. They became, Hiyyásh ikání nárú. Present Tense. Sing. 1. I become, Án ikánákh (). 2. Thou becomest, Akhákh tikánákh. 3. He becomes, Huwa ikánál. Plur. 1. We become, Inyásh nikánáná () 2. Ye become, Akhákhásh tikánákhu. 3. They become, Hiyyásh ikánálú. Imperative. Singular. Plural. 2. Become thou, Kanni (). 2. Become ye, Kánnú (). Prohibitive. Sing. 2. Become not, ikánnimekh (). Plur. 2. Become not ye, ikánnumekh ( ). 23. The following is a specimen of a verb regularly conjugated. Past Tense. (Affirmative Form.) Sing. 1. I went, Án letkho. 2. Thous wentest, Akhákh letkhí. 3. He went, Huwa leta (). Plur. 1. We went, Inyásh letna (). 2. Ye went, Akhákhásh letkhú. 3. They went, Hiyyásh letú. (Negative Form.) Sing. 1. I went not, Án alletkhúm. 2. Thou wentest not, Akbákh alletkhím. 3. He went not, Huwa alletám. Plur. 1. We went not, Inyásh aletnám. 2. Ye went not, Akhákásh alletkhúm. 3. They went not, Hiyyásh alletúm. Present Tense. (Affirmative Form.) Singular. Plural. 1. I go, Án iletákh () 1. Inyásh niletáná. 2. Thou goest, Akhákh tiletínakh 2. Akhákhásh tiletákhú. 3. He goes, Huwa yiletál 3. Hiyyásh yiletálú. (Negative Form.) Sing. 1. I go not, Án iletumekh. 2. Thou goest not, Akhákh tiletumekh. 3. He goes not, Huwa iletumel. Plur. 1. We go not, Inyásh niletumens. 2. Ye go not, Akhákhash tiletumekhú. 3. They go not, Hiyyásh iletuelú. As in the Somali tongue and in the Semitic dialects generally, the Present serves for a Future tense: "I go," for "I shall or will go." A definite future is formed in Harari by adding the substantive verb to a participial form of the verb required to express futurity; e.g. Sing. 1. I will go, Án iletle halkho. 2. Thou wilt go, Akháhk tiletle halkhí. 3. He will go, Huwa iletle hal. Plur. 1. We will go, Inyásh niletle halns. 2. Ye will go, Akhákhásh tiletle halkhú. 3. They will go, Hiyyásh niletle halns. Imperative. Singular. Plural. 2. Go thou, Let. 2. Go ye, Leté. Prohibitive. 2. Go not thou, At let. 2. Go not ye, At letú. Participles. Going Yiletál () Not going, Iletumel. Gone, Itletle. * * * * * Dialogues and Sentences. Art thou well? Amánta khí? Are ye well? Amánta khú? Madam (to elderly female). Abbáy. Sir. Abbá. Yá Sayyidí. Are you well this morning? Amán hadarkhú? Are you well this evening? Amán wa'alkhú? Good morning. Amán be kero. Good night. Amán be hedero. I am well. Amán íntaná. I am unwell. Nattú halbaná. What is the matter with you? Min aganyekh? Is your family well? Gár hawázum amánta khú? I am better. Orintáy. What news to-day? Hújí min war hal? Good news to-day. Amán intá hújí. It is cooler to-day than yesterday. Tájíná be hújí baradtá. The air is cold. Dúf bárid intá Come in and sit down. Ná tageb. What is thy name? Sumkhá mintá? Come here (to woman). Lakambay. Dost thou drink coffee? Bun tiseshákbi? I want milk. Háy ikháshakh. Is water to be had here? Mí halí ye atáybe Where goest thou? Ayde tahurákh? I go to Harar. Gay uburákh. Send away the people. Walamosh yí uso'o. I love you. An waded khúsh. What is shine age? Karníkha aygay sintá? Don't laugh. Asehak. Raise your legs. Igir hafúshí. Don't go there. At her yadde. This man is good. Yí abbá korám intá. He is a great rascal. Huwa gidir harámintá. I don't want you (woman). Ikháshá shúmekh. Go from this. Let yibí,--Jehannam har. Leave my house. Gár-e be witá. Farewell ! Allahu le amánat! (literally, "In Allah's charge.") Allah pardon thee! Aufi ashkbúkh! What is the price of this coffee? Yí bun min be-tasímakh? Five ashrafi (385) a bale. Ahad firasilah hamisti ashrafí. This is dear. Yí gál intá. This is very cheap. Yí kanná rakhís intá. Give me bread. Sitain úkhát. I will beat thee. Án imet akhákh. I will not give. Án istámekh. I am hungry. Ráhábenya. I am thirsty. Tararenya. I am tired. Dálágenya. Where is thy house? Aydenta gárkhá? I have much to do to-day. Húji bajíh habí halbayn. We are about to travel. Safar nahuráná. How large is Harar? Gay aygay sintá? How far from this to Harar? Yí atáy wá Gay aygay sintá? How many people at Harar? Gáy uso'o aygay sintá? Dost thou know him? Akhákh tokakhí? Dost thou know Arabic? Arab sinán tokákhí? I don't know it. An úkumekh. Hold my horse. Faras lahadlayn. The price of this horse is a hundred dollars. Yí fares baklá kirshi (386) yakúchál. There is. Hal. What delayed you? Min lahadekh? Is this knife thine? Yí masháh dínatkhánta? How many horses hast thou? Misti farazásh halakh? He killed him with a knife. Nifti bayn gadalú. Open the door. Argabgí fitah. Shut the door. Argabgí igad. Fill my pipe. Gáyá milálayn. Where is the book? Belá kitáb? It is in the box. Sandúk bayn halt What o'clock is it? Min sá' ante? It is one P.M. Zohr be ahad sá' ate hará. It is new moon. Warhe bakalá. The sun is eclipsed. Khusúf khána irr. Specimen of a Song in Harari. Bukáhá, bukáhá wá tazkirat bukáhá: Nabi bakale surúre fankazebay. Alif lám kutub zál be diú wá ímánin tutúr. Sabrí wá salátin tutúr. Hamistáyn zobe nabbí azíowin tutúr. Nabbi gárkho be, gár kho zarára be Jannat shíre be, nabbí afosha be Allah! iláhíyo, hurtay maláhiyo! Translation. I weep, I weep, and I weep with (fond) remembrance, (Thinking of) the Prophet's mule (he sitting) beautiful upon her back. Alif-lám was written, faith and religion carrying, Patience and prayer carrying, (For the) fifth time the Prophet carrying, The Prophet from his house, from the enclosure of his house, To the midst of Paradise, the Prophet near-- Allah! O my Allah! near him place us! The names of the months are:-- 1. Ashúrá (meharram). 2. Safarwarhe. 3. Harar maulúd (including the two Rabia and the two Jamádí.) 7. Rajab. 7. Sha'abán. 9. Ramazán. 10. Shawwál. 11. Zulka'adah. 12. Zulhijjah. * * * * * Corn, holcus, and other grains are sold by this measure: 9 Handfuls= 1 Sugud (). 5 Sugud= 1 Tít tárad (). 6 Tít tárad= 1 Tárad. The usual measures of length are: Zumzurti (), the span. Kúrú () , the cubit. The common weights are: Nuss Ratli, the half pound. Ratli, the pound. Nuss farásilah, ten pounds. Farásilah, the maund, twenty pounds. Vocabulary. N. B.--In the following pages, A. denotes that the word is pure Arabic; A.c. corrupt Arabic; Amh. Amharic; S. Somali. The mark (?) shows that the word is uncertain. A. Abandon, v. Giffarr ( ). Abdomen Karsí (A. c.). Abide Tageb Abode Gár Above Lá'ay () Absence Zalaylkho Abuse Masdab Accumulate Sámtí Adulterer Fásik (A.), fem. Fásikít Afraid Fírat After Ehirr Afternoon Asrí. Asr (A.) Age Umri (A) Air Dúf Alive (well) Or () All Jammí Also (thus) Azzokút Always Dáime (A.) Amir's wife Gístí Ancient Rágá, fem. Rágít Angel Maláikah (A.) Anger, s Ghazab (A.) Angry Ghazbán (A.) Another Alái () Answer Jawab (A.) Ant (black) Chúch Ant (white) Kaynhúr Arise, v. Halfbal Arm Íji () Arm-pit Kilkílát Army Mákhedá () Askar (A.), Amír Askar, the Amir's army. Arrow Láwá Artificer Sáigh (A. esp. " goldsmith") Ash (ashes) Hamad, pl. Hamadásh Ask Athebrí (?) Asleep Manyít Ass Wajayrá Ate (pret.) Balá At once Ahad sá'ah (A.) Aunt (maternal) Ikhistá Aunt (paternal) Anna () Avaricious Bakhíl Awake Hafbal Away! (begone!) Let! Axe Kalká, pl. Kalkásh. B Back Háchí Bad Yegassí Bag Kís (A ) Baggage Mahawá Baker Ukhát-Zálí (fem. as only women sell bread). Ball (bullet) Rasás (A.). Band Nází (the black satin ribbon worn by women round the head to fasten the fillet which contains the hair). Band Nagarat (the Amir's kettle-drums, beaten at the hour of night prayers, as tocsin in times of danger, at the two festivals, and whenever the Prince leaves the palace) Barren (women) Zat wilat, Goblan Barter Manáwat Base Yegassí Basket Mudáí Bath, s. Sagará (prop. a privy). Bathe Háteb Battle Gádal Bazaar Magálah Beard Daban Beat (kill) Mahat Beautiful Korám. Kor-zálah, fem. Korzálí Bed Firásh (A.) Bedstead Dúfán Bee Nijját, Akús (?). Beef Lám Basar Beer (boozah) Gohay. (Dakhbí is beer mixed with mead.) Before Aykad (). "In early part of," Nadí () Beggar Sakadad-báy (A.c. ) Behind Ehirr Behold, v Hayj Belly Kars (A. c.) Below (beneath) Taháy () Bet Shart (A.) Beyond (outside) Káchí Bile Safrá (A.) Bird Úf, plur. Úfásh Bitch Bushít (Bushshít) Bitter Marrí (A. c.). Black Táy Blacksmith Tumtú Blind, adj. Ín-zalaylá, fem. Ín-zalaylít Blood Dam (A ) Blood-money Diyah (A ) Blunt, adj. Dumdum, bárid (A.) Boat Za'ímah (A.) Body Kám (A. c. ) Bone At () Book Kitáb Bottle Kirárat (A. c.) Bow Digáu Box Sátán (?). Boy (son) Lijjay Bracelet (ivory) Áj (A.) Bracelet (mans) Mál dáyá (the pewter armlet of a Galla chief) Bracelet (woman's) Shánkháyt Brain Hangullá Bran (chaff) Hanshar Brave Gisí (S.), ishullo (?) Bread 'Ukhát Break Síbarr Breast (girl's) Kunná Breeches Gannáfí, Kannáfí (?) Bride Arúzít (A.c.) Bridegroom Arúz (A. c.) Bring Adej Broadcloth Júh (; Ar. Jokh). Broken Dallál (A.) Brothers Ih (, A c.). Bug Tukhán (A. c.) Bull Bárá Burn, v. imp. Mágdí Burnt Mágad But Lákin (A.). Butcher Suwíyyá (A.) Buttocks Fuddí (S.) Buy Khab () Buying and selling Mokhab By all means Lá budd (A.) By fair means Amán be. By foul means Yegassí be. C Calf, m. Rahas Carpenter Najjár (A.) Carpet Firásh(A.). Prayer-carpet, Sijjájah (A. c.) Camel Gamaylah (A. c.), fem. Gamaylit Cannon Madfá (A.) Cat Adúrrú, Adan (?). Cathedral Jámi (A.). Cattle Dínat. Certainly Dirkhí (S.). Chain Silsilah (A.). Change (barter) Manáwat. Charcoal Kasal. Charm (talisman) Kirtás (A.). Cheap Rakhís (A.). Child Waldí (A. c.), pl. Wildásh. Cinnamon Korfá (A. c.). Circumcision Absum. Citron Turungá (A. c.). City Magálah. Clarified butter Nazíf (A.). Clay Chebá. Clean Muk ishísh. Climb, v. Isal. Cloth (man's "obe") Irás, pl. irázásh. Cloth (woman's) Gúlúbáy (worn out of doors over the head). "Láy morad" is that thrown over the shoulders. Cloth (man's shirt) Gidir kamís Clouds Dánah Clove Korunful (A.) Club Gidir bartí Coal (live) Gih Coffee Bun (A.). "Kutti" is the decoction of the leaf drunk by the Hararis Cold (catarrh) Hargab Cole adj. Birdí (A. c.) Colour Jinsí (A. c.) Comb Filá (S. firin) Come! Ná! Containing (doing) --Zála Cook (man) Dirig-zálá, Lelí (?) Cook (woman) Dirig-zálí, Kibábah-zálí Cooked Khánah Cooking-pot (earthen) Makáto Copper Nihás (A.) Coral Murjain (A. c.) Corpse Janáis (A. c.) Corn Ays (A. c. ?) Corn Indian Arab ikhí, lit. Arab holcus Corn(Indian roasted) Arab ikhí únká Cotton Tút () Cough Úh () Court-yard Katam barí Cousin (female) Zer kahat Cousin (male) Zer waldí, pl. Zer waldásh Cow Lám Cow (milch) Háy-zálí Coward Wahaylo, fem. Wahaylít Creeper Táj (so called when worn by men upon their turbands and women upon their fillets) Crepitus Fas (A.) Crooked Wandállá Crow Kurrá Cubit Kúrú Cultivation Zará (A ) Cultivator Argatá (opposed to "Gallá," a Nomad) Cummin seed Kamún (A ) Cup Geb Cupping-horn Mahgút (Mahgút-ináí is the operator) Cut Koch Cuts (in cheek) Makdad (beauty-marks) D Dagger Shotal Daily Jammí yámúm Dance Fakarr Danger (fright) Firít Darkness Jilmah (A. c.) Date (the fruit) Timir (A. c.). "Barni" is the Maskat date; "Sehárí" the small black date; "Farad" the large and juicy red variety Daughter Kahat Day Ma'altú To-day Hújí Yesterday Tájená Third day ago Sestiná Fourth day ago Rátiná Day after to-morrow Sestá Third day hence Ra'atá Fourth day hence Zirabe'itá (?) Fifth day hence Zikurkustá (?). Dead (man) Janáis (A. c.); Mayyit (A.) Deaf (man) Uzn-zalaylá Deaf (woman) Uzn -zalaylít Deaf and dumb Dúdah, fem. Dúdít; it also means idiotic. Dear, adj. Ghálí (A.); Kímah tabig Death Maut (A.) Debt Mugot Deer Waydalí Delay Kaláh () Denial Nakír (A.); Háshá (A.) Deponent (witness) Rágá Deposit Amánat (A.) Descend, v. Wirad (?) Descent Maurad Desert, s. Udmá bád Desert, adj. Udmá (generally applied to land without trees) Deserving Wájib (A ) Desire (want) Fáj Devil (Satan) Iblís (A.); Shaytán (A.) Devil (sand-storm) Dúf Die (dice) Lafo (S.) Difficult Tabíg Dig Hifarr. (A. c.); Khirr (?) Dirt Wasakh (A.) Discharge (release) Gifarr Disease Mattú Disease (venereal) Jabtú (S. Jabtí) Dish Sehní (A. c.) Dish-cover Mot; mo'ot (generally made of plaited straw) Distant Ruhuk () Ditch (pit) Chayr Doer (masc. or fem.) Ináí (?). Dog Bushshí Dollar Karshí (Ar. Kirsh) Door Gebtí Doubt Shakk (A.) Doubtful Shakanyá (A. c.) Dream Birzáz Dress Libáshá (A. c.); Irázásh Dried Daraká Drink, v Sích Drinkables Mashjá Drug Dawá (A.) Drum Karabú Drummer Karabú-zálá Drunk (intoxicated) Sakhrá (A. c.) Dry, v. Darak; Darag Dumb, masc. Jabaká; arrát-zalaylá Dumb, fem. Jabakít; arrat-zalaylít Dust Sísá (Sesá S.) Dwarf, masc. Hajayr Dwarf, fem. Hajayrít E Each Ahad (A. c.) Ear Uzn. Uzun (A. c.) Ear-ring Faror Earth Dashí (Tashshí ?) East Írrtúj Easy Yasír (A.) Eat! v Bilá Eatables Mablá. "Eatables and drinkables," mablá wá mashjá Egg Ukoh () Eight Sot Eighth Sotkhá Eighty Sot assir Elder, eldest Gidirr Elephant Dukhun Eleven Assir ahad Eloquent Tihayn Employment Habí Empty Kof End! (finish!) Tabosh Ended Tabayyá Enemy Díná Enough Hidak. Yokál Envy Husúd (A.) Envious Hasíd (A.c.) Escape Sik Eunuch Koch. Towásh (A.) Evening Mashá (A.) Every Jammí (A. c.) Everything Jammí Shiyún (A. c.) Evidence Rágá Exchange Manáwat Expense Farzí Eye Ín (A. c.) Eyelash Ín chigar F Face Fít Fæces Gaf: Kaf (S.) Faith (religion) Dín (A.) Fall, v. Widak False Kizbányá Fame Námús (A.) Fan (fly-flapper) Zimbi Marwahah (A.) Far Ruhug Farewell! Amán! (A.) Farmer Harrásh. Fast, adv. Fitan. Fast, s. Soman (A. c.) Fat (strong) Jabábir (A. c.); Kassá (S.) Wadal. Fate Ayyám (A.) Father Áwa Fault Ghalat (A.) Fear! v. Fir Fearful Fírat Feather Bállí (S. Bál) Feet Ingirásh. Pl. of Ingir Female Inistí (A. c. ?). Fetch Adej Fetters Ingir birat Fever Wiyí nattú Few Tinne'o Fillet (for woman's hair) Gúftá Finger Atabinyá. Pl. Atábinyásh Fire Isád Fire-wood Mamágad First Ahadkhá Fish Túlam Fist Dubuj Five Hamistí Fifth Hamistikhá Fifty Hamistí assir Flag Álan (A. c. and S.) Flea Kunáj; Takfí(?); injir bodo(S.) Flesh Basar Fly Zimbí (A. c.) Fodder Sa'ar Food Mablá Fool Jinám (A. c.) Foot (leg) Ingir Footstep Hardá Force Tákh (A. c.) By force Yegassí be Forehead Fi'it Fort Kalaí gár; darbí-gár Forty Arbaín (A.) Foul (impure) Najis (A.) Four Harad; harat Fourth Haratkhá Fowl Atáwág, fem. atáwágít Friend Rafík (A.); marren (?) Frog Ankuráratí From Be; bay Full Mullu (?) Gall (bile) Safrá (A ) Game Dabál (esp. the La'ab al-Khayl) Gambler Kammár (A.) Garden Harshí Gardener Harshi-wandag Garlic Tummá (A. c.); ton (S.) Gate Bárí (A.) Gate-keeper Bárí-goitá Gather, v. Sámtí Gazelle Sagáro (S.) Generous Sakhí (A.) Generosity Sakháwat (A.) Get up! v. Hafbal Gift Hadiyah (A.); mastá (?) Ginger Zanjabílí Giraffe Girhí (S.) Girl (marriageable) Wahashí. Pl. Wahashi'ách Girl (aged) Gidir Wahashí Puella suta Duffun Wahashí (sicut est mos Somalorum et nationis Gallæ) Puella aperta Kufut Wahashí Girl (slave) Wasifít; Amharet Girl Kahat. Give, v. Sit (S.) Glad Tass; tasstass Glass (cup) Kás (A.) Glass (looking) Murá'it (A. c.) Glass (bootle, black) Kirárat Táy Glass (red) Kayh () Glory Námús (A.) Glue (gum) Mukát Go! v. Let (to a woman, Lechí) Gone (pret.) Letá Let go! Hidak; Gifarr Goat (he) Kurmá Goat (she) Dau God Goita. N.B.--The Argobbas call the Supreme Being "Gaeto," the Gallas "Goite" or "Wák," and the Somal "Aybah" () Gold Zikeh (A. c.) Goods Maháwá Good Korám Good news War amán Governor Nagáshí Grandfather Bábá Grandmother Ummá Grape Anab (A.) Grass Sa'ar Grass-cutter (sickle) Záhabí Gratis Bilásh (A.) Grave Kabrí (A.); Plur. Kabrásh Grave (saint's) Awásh Kabrí Gravel Ún Great, adj. Gidír Greatest Jammí be Gadrí Green Dámá: fem. Dámít. Akhzar (A.) Groom Záhabí Ground Tashshí. (?) Ground (sloping) Gobaná Guest Nugda Guide Úga yúkzalinta (?) Guinea Fowl Zikrá Gum Mukát Gun Nifti Gunpowder Bárúd (A. c.) H Habitation Gár Hail, s. Ún Zináb Hail, v. Amán bidíchkhú Hair Chigar Hair (pecten) Foch chigar Hair-pin (woman's) Filá Half Nuss (A. c.): Kení Hammer Madoshá; Buruj (?) Hand Ijí Handful Mahfass; Antobo (?) Handwriting Kitab Hang (tie, v.) Igad; Balnaya (S.) Harbour Marsá (A.) Hare Askokí; Bakhayla (S.) Harlot Gubná Haste! Fitan Hatchet Kalká Hay Sa'ar Head Urus (A. c.) Health Áfet (A. c.) Hear Simá (A. c.) Heart Wazanah Heavy Razín (A ) He Huwa Heel Kúb (A. c.) Heir Yurs Zálintá. (The Arabic word "Mirás" is used for a legacy.) Hell Azáb (A.); Jahanam (A.) Here Idday. "Here I am," Labbay (A.) High (tall, long) Gidorr Hill, s. Sarí His Zo or So Ho! Yábú (S.); Akhákh yá Hog Hariyyá Holcus Sorghum Ikhí Hole Gadú Holloa! Akhákh yá Honey Dús Hoof Ingir Horn (beast's) Karr (A. c.) Horn (cupping) Mahgút Horse Faras (in Ar. a mare; in Som. a horse) Hot Wiyí House Gár House (thatched) Sa'ar gár; Gambisa House (stone) Darbí gár How much? Mistí? Humble Miskín (A.) Hundred Baklá Hunger Abár Hungry Rahab Husband Abosh Hut Wantaf gár (the Badawi's mat tents, called by the Somal, Gurgí) I, pers. pron. Án Ice Mí darak Idle (useless) Mablúl If Girr (?) Ignorant Jáhil (A.); Wíj (the latter generally means "young") Immense Bajíh Immerse, v. Esbí Immediately Fitan In Bayn (A ?) In that place Yadday Infirm Gofáí Inform, v. Warosh Information War (Amh ) Injury Khasárá (A.) Ink Maddí (A. c. from ?) Inkstand Dibet (A. c.) Inquire, v. Athebrí (?) Inside Ustú Instead Manáwat; Tanáwat Intelligent A'kil (A ) Inter, v. Kibarr Interest (usury) Ribáh (A.) Intestines (lower) Marachí Intestines (higher) Kars (A. c.) Intoxication Kayf (A.) Intoxicating articles Khamrí (A.) Iron Birat (S. bir.) Itch, s. Wi'ir Ivory Áj; dukhun-sin J Jackal Aizagadú (S. ídagalá, "burrowing below ground") Jail Hasbí (A. c.) Javelin Waram (S.) Jewel Jauhar (A.) Joke Charrakah () Joker Fúhách Journey Safar (A.) Journey (by day) Hújí Safar Journey (by night) Mishayt Safar Jowari (holcus) Ikhí Jowari (straw) Karah Joy Farhah (A.); Tast Judge Fikíh (A.); Kází (A.) Jump, v. Shafbal Just A'dil Juvenile Darmá K Kat-plant () Ját Kettle Disdí (A. c.); Makatú Key Miftah (A.); Mifcháh (A. c.) Kick, v. Rigat Kidney Kuláy (A. c.) Kill Gidal Kiss, v. Mah (as among the Somal it is disliked.) Kitchen Aweládá Kite (bird) Tillí Knee Gilib Knife Masháh Knot Kuturr Know Úk Knowledge Ilm (A ) Koosoo Sútí (the well-known vermifuge, called Hedo by the Somal) L Labour Ta'ab (A.) Lake (colour) Kayh () Lame Ingir zalaylá Lamp Makhtút Landlord Gár-zálá Lane Kachín uga Language Sinán Large Gidir Lass Kahat Laughter Sahak ( A. c.); Mashak (?) Law Sharíah (A.) Lazy Mablúl Lead Risás Leaf Warak (A.); Kuttí Leak (hole) Nudúl Lean Gofáy Learning, s. Ilm (A.) Learned (man) Kabír (A.); Shaykh (A.) Least Jammí be angál Leather (hide) Gogá Leech Ayktí ulá'úl (S.) Left Gurá (Gragnay Amh. Guray S. "left-handed") Left hand Gurá igí Leg Ingir Lend, v. Likch Leopard Gargorá Less Ansál Liar Kizbanyá Lie Kiz (A. c.) Light, adj. Khafíf (A.); Kafíf (A. c.) Lightning Birik (A. c.); Birig Like Kut (yí kut, "like this." Azzokut, "like unto him") Lime (fruit) Zarbissí Lime (cement) Núrat (A.) Lion Wanág Lips Laflaf Listen, v. Simá Little Tít () Liver Kút Living Húí ( A. c.) Lo! Haych Load Tá'an Locust Kafjor Look, v. Haych Loose (open), v. Fitah; Matmas Loss Khasárá (A.); Kobul Lose (the way, &c.) (Úga) Kabad Love Ishkí (A.) In love (man) Abosh áshaká In love (woman) Indosh áshaktí Louse Kúmáy (A. c. ?) Low, adj. Háchír Mad Jinám Mad-dog Jinám bushí Madam Abbáy Magic Falá (S.) Magician Falá-zálá Maid servant Gáfit Main mast Gidir dagal Make, v. Úsh Malady Nattú Male Abosh Malice Dínah Man Abosh Many Bajíh Many times Bajíh gir March, s. Malayt Mare Inistí fares Mariner Bahrí (A.) Mark, s. Astá Market place Magálah Marriage Mansá Marriage-portion Mehr (A.) Married (man) Mishtí-hálá Married (woman) Abosh-hálí Master Marín Mat Saylan Match (gun's) Niftí fatílat Mead Taj Meal (ground corn) Ays fíchah Measure Sifar Meat Basar Merchant Bá'u: tájir Message Lo'okh Middle Guttí; ustú (?): in the middle, guttí bayn Milk Háy Milk-pot Kadádah Milk-pot cover Offá Minaret Khutbá Mine (it is) Án zád intá Misery Masíbah (A. c.) Model Áyinah (A.) Money Mahallak (a brass coin current at Harar) Monkey Zágarú Month Warhay Moon Charaká In the morning Subhí (A.) Mortar Mokaj (the pestle is called "Kaballá") Mortgage Rahan (A.); Luhut Mosquito Bimbí Mother A'e Mould (earth) Afar Mountain Sarí Mouse Fúr (A. c.) Mouth Afe (Amh. S.) Mud Chebá Mule Baghl Murder Motá Murderer Igadlí-zál; Gadáy (?) Murdered Gidalú Musjid (mosque) Masgít Musk Misk (A). Zabád (A. civet, generally confounded by Orientals with musk) Mustachio Shárib (A.) My ---e Myrrh Karabí N Nail Mismár (A.) Nail (hand) Tifir (A. c.) Naked Kofh Name Sum (A. c.) Narrow Chinkí Nasty Yegassí Navel Hamburtí. Near Kurrá Necessary (it is) Yakhúnál Necessity Hájah (A.) Neck Angat Necklace Shandúd Needle Morfí Needy Fukrá Negro Gáfá Neighbour Afoshá Nest Úf gár Never Abadan (A.) Never mind Ahadúm aylá New Hajís News War (S.) Night Artú By night Mushayt Nine Sehtan; Zehtáyn Ninth Sehtan khá Ninety Sehtaná Nipple (man's) Tút () Nipple (woman's) Kunná No! May! Nobody (there is) Uso'o aylúm Nonsense Kishná North Jáh (A.); Kiblah (A.) Nose Úf Nostril Úf nudúl There is nothing Aylúm Now Akhkhá Number Helkí O Oath Tirayt Ocean Bahr (A ) Oil Salayt (A.) Old Rágá, fem. Rágít Omen Fál (A.) On (upon) La'ay Once Ahad muttí; Ahad gír At once Fitan One Ahad One third Shíshtí-sám (A. ) One-armed Ahad íjí zalaylá One-eyed Ahad ín zalaylá One-legged Ahad ingir zalaylá Onion Shunkortá Open, v. Fitah Opened Futoh Oppressor Zálim (A.) Oppression Zulmi (A. c.) Or Walau (?). Ammá (A.) Order Amr (A ) Orphan Yetím (A.); "á'e zalaylá," motherless; "áwa zalaylá," fatherless Ostrich Guráyyá (S.) Our Zinya Outside Mantá Owner Zálá, fem. Zálí Ox Bárá P Pace Malaytá Pair Kut; Ko'ot Palace Nagáshí gár Palm (hand's) Kaff'í (A. c.) Paper Talhayyá Paramour (fem.) Gazan Partner Sharík (A.) Pass, v. Let Path Kachín úga Pauper Zaygá Pawn Rahan (A ) Peace Amán (A ) Pearl Lúl (A.) Pen Kalam (A ) Penis Gantir People Uso'o Pepper (black) Arab barbarí Pepper (red) Barbarí Perform, v. Osh Perspiration Wizí Pestle Kaballá Piece Koch (?) Pig Hariyyá; Karkarrú Pigeon Hamímí (A. c.) Pillow Makhaddá (A.) Pimple Kím Pin Filá Pinch, v. Kontá Pipe (smoking) Gáyá (the Indian "Gurgurí") Pipe tube Búk Pistol Tinneo Naftí Pit (cesspool) Gadú Pity Rahmah (A.) Place Attáí Plain Dídá Plantain Mauz (A ) Plate (for baking bread) Kibábah (A. c.); Tábah (?) Platter (wooden) Gabatá Plough Willítá; Mahras (A.) Plunder Mahmat Pocket Kís (A ) Poetry Fakarr Poison Summí (A ) Poisoned Summí-zálá Pomegranate Rummán (A.) Ponderous Razín (A ) Possible (it is) Yakhúnál Pot (earthen) Makatú Pot-bellied Kasá-zálá Pound (weight) Ratlí Pox Kitin Pretence Haylah (A.) Pregnant Karsí; Zálí Price Báy Pride Kibrí (A ) Priest Fakíh (A ) Prison Hasbí (A.) Prisoner Úgud Privy Sagara Procurable Yaganyo Prodigious Ajab (A.) Profit Nafí (A. c.) Proof Ragá Proud (man) Kibrí-zálá; Kibranyá Proud (woman) Kibrí-zálí; Kibríyyít Provisions Mablá Pud. Dúr Pumpkin Arab dubbá (S.) Purse Kís (A.) Q Quadruped Dínat Quantity Mistí Quarter Rubá (A ) Quarter (of town) Afochá Queen Gístí Question Mathebar Quickly Fitan Quill Bállí (S.) Quiver Hinnách R Rage Za'al (A.); herár Raid Dína Raiment Irázásh Rain Zináb Raise, v. Hafush Raisin Zabíb (A ) Ram Táy Ran, v. pret. Saká Rapid Fitan Rascal Mablúl Rat Fúr (A ) Raven Kurrá Raw Terí Razor Sháldá (?) Read Kira (A. c.) Real (dollar) Karshí Rebel Ásí (A.) Rebellion Balwá (A.) Receive Nisá Red Kayh: fem. Kayhít Region Bád Regret Hammá (A. c.); Ghammá (A. c.) Rein (bridle) Hakamá (S.) Relations Ahl (A.) Remain Kirr (A. c.) Remainder Karrá Remedy Dawá Remote Ruhuk, ruhug Remove Ústí Repletion Tufá (?) Reply War. (Bring a reply: "War adej." Take my reply: "Ware ustí.") Reptile Hubáb Residence Gár Rest, s. Ráhah (A.) Return (i.e. give me back) Argabgilayn Revenge, s. Kisás (A.) Take revenge Kisás ushú Reverse, v. Gargab Reward Sakah; dínat (?) Rib Maytak Rich Ghaní (A ) Rice Ruz (A.) Ride, v. Isal Right (proper) Korám Right hand Kainyít Right and left Gurá wá Kainyít Ring Makhtar Riot Matmáhat Rise up Hafbal Rising (ground) Karát Risk Fir River Zar; Masrí (?) Road Úga Roast, v. Absil. (Roast the meat. "Basar absil.") Rob, v. Rojh. (He robbed me. "Rojhábayn.") Robber Rojhí Robbery Márojha Robe (woman's) Indosh írás Robe (blue) Táy írás Robe (white) Najíh írás Rock Sarí Rogue Mablúl Roof Darbenjí Room Kitrat Root Sirr; Hedid (S.) Rosary Tasbih (A.) Rose-water Má-ward (A.) Rope Fatít Ruin Kh'ráb (A.) Ruler Nagáshí Run, v. Taráwat Run away! Rot! Sik! S Sack (ox-skin) Dawullá (large bags used on journeys) Sack (sheep-skin) Jíráb (A. c. small saddle-bags; the bags for asses are called "Matan") Saddle Kor (S. Kore); Hánká (?) Saffron Waras (A.) Saint Walí Salt Assú Sand Afar Sandals Ashín Sash (girdle) Hankot Say, v. Asaynní Scales Mízán (A.) A single scale Kaffí Scent Súchná Scissors Makrajah Scout Ilálah (S.) Scum Wasakh (A.) Sea Bahr (A ) Sea-coast Bahr aff By sea and by land Bahrí wá barri (A.) Seal Tábá (A. c.) Seal-ring Makhtar Search Mafách Second (ordinal n.) Kotkhá Secret Sirrí (A.) Secretly Shemakna See, v. Haych Self Rúh (A.); Naf (A. c.) Sell, v. Assím Sepulchre Kabrí Serpent Hifin; Hubáb Servant Wandag Servile caste Bon (Dankalí word) Seven Sátí Seventh Sátí khá Seventy Sát assir Sew, v. Sif. ("Sew the cloth," irás Sif.) Shade (shadow) Cháyá (Sanscrit ?) Shallow water Tinneo mí Shame Hayá (A ) Shank Kultum Sharp, adj. Balah () Shave, v. Mashaylad She Ittá Sheath (swords) Síf gár (dagger's sheath, "shotal gár") Sheep Táy Sheet Láy rnorad; irás Shepherd Agabarí Shirt Kamís (A.) Shield Agrí Shop Dukkán (A. There are no regular shops at Harar) Short Hájír Shot, s. Risás (A.) Shut, v. Galab Sick Nattú Sickle Manja Silence, v. Ús Silver Me'et Sin Abbá Sister Ihít (A. c.) Sit! v. Tageb Six Siddistí Sixth Siddistíkhá Sixty Siddistí assir Skin Gogá Skin (for water) Kárbat (A. c.) Skullcap Kalotá (la Calotte) Sky Samí Slave (mas.) Gáfá; Wasíf; Amhara Slave (fem.) Gafít; Wasífít; Amharít Sleep, v. Manyít (Pass the night. "Heder"); Niyen (?) Slippers Ashín Small Tinnéo; Ted (?) Small-pox Gifrí (in S. Fantú) Smell (perfume) Súchná Smoke, s. Tan Smoke, v. Sich Snot Infít Snuff (tobacco) Jamalí (Give me a pinch of snuff, "Jamalí Makonat") Sole (of foot) Hardá Somali Tumurr (a slighting name) Son Lijgay Song Fakarr Sore Túlú South Ke'ebá Span Zumzurtí Spear Waram Spider Asháráráhtí Spider's web Asháráráhtí gár Spittle Mirák (A.) Spoon Fanálah (S. Fandál) Staff, s. Bartí Star Túí () Stench Chikná Stick Bartí Stone Ún Stop (hush) Sambal Street Magálah úga Strong Tákh-zálá Stupravi matrem tuam (vulgar abuse) A'e khá lagatkho Stuprari patrem tuum Aukhá ligat It suffices Yokál Sugar Sukkar (A.) Sugar-cane Âla Shankorr (S.) Sun Írr Sweat Wizí Sweet Yatímál Switch Tinne'o bartí Sword Síf (A.) T Take, v. Yakh (to woman "Yash") Take hold of Lahat Take care Takayráh bá Tall Gidorr Talisman Kartás (A.) Tax (on merchandise) Ashúr (A. c.) Tax (on land) Zakáh (A.) Tear Ibí Ten Assir (A. c.) Tenth Assirkhá That (pr.) Yá Thatched hut Gambisá Their Zinyo Then Yí sá'ah Thence Yí attay There Yadday Here and there Idday wá yadday Therefore Yí le báytí These Yí 'ách Thief Rojhí (fem. Rojhít) Thick Wadal Thigh Badú (?); Gonjí Thin Gofáy Thine (thy) -khá Thing Sha'í (A. c.) Third Shíshtí khá Thirty Saseh Thirst Tirrá Thirsty Tirrár This Yí Thorn Usukh Thorn fence Hutur (Chuguf ?) Thread Fatlí (A. c.) Three Shíshtí Three quarters Shíshtí rubá Thrice Shíshtí muttí Throat Hangúr; marmar Throne Tifán (?) Throw, v. Ghínbá (?); giny Thumb Gidir Atabinyá Thunder Birák (?); birág (A. c.) Tie, v. Ígad. (Tie the camel with a cord. "Gamaylah fatít be ígad.") Tie (knot) Kátre (Knot with your cloth. "Irás be Kátre."); akoflí (?) Time Sá'ah At what time? Ay Sá'ah? At all times Kullu gírum Tired Dalágay Tobacco Tunbákhú To Lay; le To-day Hújí Toe Ingir atabinyá Together (with) Báh. (I will go with you. "Án akhákh báh ilitákh.") Tomb Kabrí To-morrow Gísh Tongue Arrát Tooth Sin (A.) Town Magálah Town-wall Jugal Travel, v. Sifar (A. c.) Tree Lafú Tripe Ankar True Hillú; hullú Truly Hillú; hullú Turband imámat (A.) Turband (Amir's) Ká'úk (Turk.) Turmeric Hárdí injí Twenty Koyah Tweezers Nech; Karabah (?) Twice Kot muttí Two Kot U Ugly Yagassál Ulcer Túlu, pl. Túlú'ásh. Unarmed Agra waram zaltá (lit. shieldless and spearless) Uncle (paternal) Zer Uncle (maternal) Káka Under Taháy Understand Tukákh Unfortunate Ayyámúm aylá, fem. Ayyámúm aylí Unjust Zálim (A.) Unkind Rahmatúm aylá, fem. rahmatúm aylí Unsafe Amánúm altá, fem. amánúm altí Untie Fitáh (A. c.) Untrue Kiz (A. c.) Up Lá'ay Up and down Lá'ay wá taháy Go up! Isal Bring up! Lá'ay hafúsh Upon (it) Usú lá'ay Urine Shahad Us ---ena V Value Báy (What is the price of this? "Báy zo mintá?") Veil Gulub (blue muslin fillet on women's hair) Vein Watar (A.) Vengeance Kisás (A.) Venom Summí (A.) Venomous Summí-zálá Venereal (disease) Chobtú; Kitin Very Bajíh Very good Bajih korám Vile Yegassí Village Gandá; Tinneto geh; tinne'o bád Viper Hubáb summi-zálá Virgin Wahashí Void (naked) Kofh Voice Tab Vomit Nataka Vow Ballamá (He vowed a mare "Ballamá zinya inistí fares.") Vulture Áumar W Waist Hankot Wall (house) Digadag Wall (town) Úgal Want, s. Hájah (A.). Want, v. "Ahad ifájakh:" I want something. "Wandag akháshákh:" I want a servant War Matmáhat Warm Wiyí Was Nár; fem. nártí Wash, v. imp. Mayeh Washing Wessá (the ablution called "Wuzú"} Watch Zolanyá (night patrols through the city) Water Mí Water-pot Hán (S.) Watered (garden, field, &c.) Masnú Wax Shama (A.) Way (road) Uga We Inya; inyásh Weak Tákhúm aylá Wealth Bajíh dínat Weaver Hayyák (A ) Weigh Amezní Weight Mízán (A.) Well (water) Zar (?) Well (being) Amán (A ) West Írr kitbo (?); Kilmash (?) Wet Ruttá What? Mintá? Of what sort? Min Sinya (?) Wheat Ays (A. c.?) Whence? Áyde? (Whence comest thou? "Áyde be díchkhi?") Where? Baylá? belá? Whetstone Moláh Whip Kaytal (A. S.) Whisper v. Íshayt be assayní Whistle Afíj White Najíh Who? Min? (Who art thou? "Min Sinyintakh?") Whore? Gubnít Why? Millay? (Why cost thou beat me? "Millay gadalkháyn?") Wick Fatílat (A.) Widow Armalah (A.) Widower Indosh motbá Wife Indosh; mishtí Wig (sheep-skin dyed red) Gurud; arabjí karr; timá bayt (S.) Wind Dáf Window Taket (A. c.) Wine Gohay Wipe, v. Másh Within Usto Without (outside) Káchay Without Aylám; aylúm (?) Without reason Sabab biláy Without hope Haylad biláy Wolf Warábá (S.) Woman Indosh; mishtí Woman (barren) Tuldúmayt Woman (pregnant) Karsí-zálí Wonder Dink Wonderful Ajab (A.) Wood Inchí Word Sinán Wound Mahjá Write Kitab Writing-board Loh (A ) Y Yard (court) Katam-barí Year Amad Last year Amná Every year Jammí ammatúm Yellow Hurdí, fem. Hurdít Yes! Í; áy Yet Wílí You Akhákhásh Young Darmá Youth Darmásh (?) Z Zebra Farrú (S.) Zinc Kayh birat